TGFB1 and Granuloma: A recent work has revealed that the loss of TGF-β signalling in dendritic cells (DCs) induced a severe epididymal pathology characterised by leucocytosis with granulomas, generation of ASAs and upregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways, thus indicating a key role for the TGF-β signalling in the establishment of peripheral tolerance to spermatozoa in the murine epididymis19.