INS and gestational diabetes: Insulin-treated GDM patients were observed to have significantly increased mean fasting glucose levels (102 ± 17.7 vs 79.9 ± 6.7, p < 0.001) and HbA1c levels (5.13 ± 0.48 vs 4.96 ± 0.30, p = 0.01) compared with the diet-treated group.