Many efforts currently focus on reversing “immune cell dysfunction” in patients with critical illness and/or sepsis; these approaches include the administration of immune modulators (e.g., G-/GM-CSF), removal of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., by synthetic haemabsorption columns) or cell-based therapies (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells or myeloid cells)37. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Sepsis.