LC3-I to LC3-II conversion was observed in both HOS and A549 cells with time post-SFV4 infection, and SQSTM1/p62 levels decreased in HOS cells (Fig. 2o, Supplementary Fig. 3, g–j) at early phase of infection and decreased in A549 overtime during infection, indicating that the cargo in the autophagosome were degraded. This evidence concerns the gene SQSTM1 and infection.