ALB and malnutrition: Because of metabolism and immune system dysfunction, compared to non-dialysis, patients undergoing dialysis are more susceptible to suffer from elevated highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and cholesterol levels, and decreased serum albumin (Alb) levels, which contributed to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, malnutrition and chronic periodontitis (CP).