CTLA4 and neoplasm: PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade restores the anti-tumor immune response by inducing the expansion of exhausted-like tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells; in addition, CTLA-4 blockade rescues Th1-like CD4 effector T cells and could be implicated in the enhancement of CD8 infiltration and cytolytic activity as well as the formation of memory T cells [10].