Evidence regarding the onset of DCM/OPLL was identified for 28 genes: ACE, APOE, BID, BMP2, BMP4, BMP9, COL6A1, COL9A2, COL11A2, FGF2, FGFR1, FGFR2, HIF1A, IL1B, IL15RA, IL18RAP, leptin receptor, NPPS, OPG, OPN, RUNX2, TGFB1, TGFB3, TGFBR2, TLR5, VDBP, VDR, and VKORC1. Here, BMP4 is linked to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine.