Many of the upregulated genes in K17KO versus WT MmuPV1-induced papillomas were not upregulated in K17KO mock-infected ears, including many chemokines for immune cell chemotaxis (such as CCL5, CCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10), T and NK cell mediated-cytotoxicity (Gzma, Gzmb) and immunoglobulin heavy chain and kappa chain variable region sequences (Fig 3C). Here, CXCL9 is linked to papilloma.