TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: 2017). Ginsenoside Rg1 may potentially protect against diabetic nephropathy via reduction of oxidative stress and inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smads signalling cascade (Du et al. 2018). Ginsenoside Rb1 may represent an antioxidant-based approach to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) at the early stages (Xu et al. 2017). Notoginsenoside R1 exerts nephroprotective effects against diabetic nephropathy through the inhibition of apoptosis and renal fibrosis caused by oxidative stress (Zhang, Zhang et al. 2019).