TNF and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: In order to mimic the inflammatory micro‐environment of DMD, we challenged the myotubes for 24 h with an inflammatory stimulus (TNFα/IFNγ) and tested the expression of two major pro‐inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL‐1β, which are significantly up‐regulated in murine and human dystrophic muscles.9, 32, 33 These results are summarized in left and middle panels coloured in green to sustained blue (Figure7A, 7C, 7E, and 7G).