A caveat of this study is that gene expression data do not necessarily translate to changes in effector responses, and further research should aim to identify functional pathways of trachoma pathogenesis, including the phenotype and function of the cells responding to IL23A. We previously reported that mass azithromycin distribution (MDA) had an anti-inflammatory effect on conjunctival gene expression independent of the clearance of C. trachomatis infection, which was detectable by 3 (but not by 6) months posttreatment (10). The gene discussed is IL23A; the disease is inclusion conjunctivitis.