F2 and chronic kidney disease: Our laboratory recently reported that both IS and PCS are important harmful vascular toxins, as they trigger moderate to severe arterial media calcification in CKD rats, which goes along with the activation of inflammation (i.e., acute phase response signaling pathway) and coagulation (i.e., intrinsic/extrinsic prothrombin activation pathway) pathways linked with increased circulating glucose levels and insulin resistance.