Utilizing nicotine-induced osteoporosis rat model, Abukhadir et al. (2012) reported that PVE increased gene expression related to bone formation such as BMP-2, a growth factors known to induce bone and cartilage formation, as well as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2) and osterix (OSX), which play key roles in osteoblast differentiation [165]. This evidence concerns the gene RUNX2 and osteoporosis.