Most frequent alterations in MiNEN involved well-characterised cancer gene drivers and/or their protein products, such as TP53 (tumour protein p53), RB1 (retinoblastoma tumour corepressor 1), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), PI3KCA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha), KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog), BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B), and MYC (v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog) [frequencies of these alterations in individual studies are presented in Table 4]. Here, PIK3CA is linked to cancer.