MIF and cancer: Regarding the latter, the pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy has been shown to increase the secretion of IL-1β [19,20,21], IL-6 [22], IL-18 [19,20] and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) [23] in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages and of IL-6 [22] in cancer epithelial cells.