MAPK14 and infection: Previous studies showed that infections with many viruses such as HCV [17], chikungunya virus (CHIKV) [18], porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) [19], herpes simplex virus (HSV) [20], enterovirus 71 (EV71) [21], human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [22], and dengue virus (DENV) [23], can activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).