CTLA4 and urinary bladder carcinoma: Some of these mutations lead to the formation of tumor-specific neoantigens, which could be recognized by a patient’s immune system as non-self and which are highly clinically relevant since these neoantigens can make the cancer cells sensitive to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in various cancers including melanoma [5], non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [6], kidney cancer [7], bladder cancer [8] and others [9].