CCL2 and Hypertension: By measuring the level of secreted cytokines by monocytes co-cultured with patient serum, the investigators demonstrated that HFpEF patients presented a pro-inflammatory (increased TNF-α and MCP-1), pro-fibrotic [61,62] (increased CCL17), and anti-angiogenic [63] (increased CXCL10, IL-12) milieu, when compared to asymptomatic patients presenting with hypertension or diastolic dysfunction [60].