The toxic tumour microenvironment may induce the phenotypic differentiation of multiple resident precursors into CAFs.69 CAFs can function as a regulator of immune cell recruitment, and the recruitment of monocytes by CAFs was mediated by MCP‐1 as well as SDF‐1 cytokines.70 CD10+ GPR77+ CAFs promote tumour formation and chemoresistance by providing a survival niche for CSCs.71 Recent studies revealed that CAFs can contribute to tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis via promoting secretion of various factors, tumour‐stroma interaction, angiogenesis and chemoresistance 72 (Figure 2E). Here, TBX1 is linked to neoplasm.