KRAS and neoplasm: In pancreatic cancers, KRAS is almost invariably mutated, where it activates downstream ERK and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways to promote proliferation, survival and invasion of cancer cells.25, 26 Due to the key roles of the ERK signalling pathway in tumour cell progression, the effects of A platensis on ERK phosphorylation were also analysed in PA‐TU‐8902 cells that harbour Ras (G12V) activating mutation.