VCAM1 and Hyperglycemia: Additionally, studies have shown that hyperglycemia damages vasculature via inducing endothelial activation and pro-inflammatory phenotype of endothelial cells [7, 8], which is characterized by up regulation of cell surface adhesion molecules such as intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1).