CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: Similar results were obtained for MCP-1 gene expression, MCP-1 expression was significantly upregulated in the DM group (2.06 ± 0.57 versus 0.56 ± 0.12, P < 0.05), and this expression was dramatically reversed by LTF and CaD treatment (1.35 ± 0.40 versus 2.06 ± 0.57, P < 0.05 and 1.07 ± 0.41 versus 2.06 ± 0.57, P < 0.05, respectively), but no significant difference existed between LTF and CaD groups (P > 0.05).