TNF and Autoimmunity: Testicular lymphocytes increased in infertile patients with sperm‐autoimmunity, and the predominance of CD8 + T cells was demonstrated in the testis interstitium.38, 39 Furthermore, diagnostic testicular biopsy declared the significant presence of CD68 + macrophages in the testes of all infertile patients with maturation arrest, Sertoli cell‐only syndrome, mixed atrophy syndrome, and idiopathic infertility showing normal spermatogenesis.40 These macrophages were located in the testicular interstitium and in/around the seminiferous tubules and expressed the genes of IL‐1 and TNF‐α.