We thus crossed Nlrc4−/− mice with Nlrp3- or Casp11-knockout animals to obtain Nlrc4−/−Nlrp3+/− and Nlrc4−/−Nlrp3−/− littermates, as well as Nlrc4−/−Casp11+/− and Nlrc4−/−Casp11−/− littermates, for infections. Here, SCAF11 is linked to infection.