Another example of an in vitro-tested AR is mdtP, another multi-drug resistance efflux pump, which was increased in metformin users in our general population cohort (two-sided Wilcoxon test, FDR = 0.001) and in tricyclic antidepressant users in the IBD cohort (two-sided Wilcoxon test, FDR = 0.017, Supplementary Data 55). Here, AR is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.