They include RBM42, STX5, and TRIM41 in asthma, CYP27A1, GM2A, LGALS9, SPI1, and NLRC4 in COPD, as well as ATF3, PPP1R15A, ZFP36, SOCS3, NAMPT, and GADD45B in IPF. Here, NLRC4 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.