In addition, other identified genes were LRRC48 and CETN2 in asthma-COPD, COL15A1, GIMAP6, and JAM2 in asthma-IPF, along with LMO7, TSPAN13, LAMA3, and ANXA3 in COPD-IPF. Here, COL15A1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.