PGF and cancer: CLDN-1 was found to be associated with increased expressions of cancer metastasis suppressors such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1), occludin (OCLN), zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) and reduced expressions of cancer metastasis enhancers such as secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), cut-like homeobox 1 (CUTL1), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter) member 3 (SLC2A3) and placental growth factor (PGF) in lung adenocarcinoma [57].