ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Bifidobacterium breve B-3 (B-3), a probiotic strain originating from the gut of an infant, has been demonstrated to exert anti-obesity effects [1,2] through mechanisms speculated to include improvement of intestinal barrier function; adiponectin and colonic proglucagon production; and the production of B-3-derived metabolites with anti-obesity activity (e.g., acetic acids and conjugated linoleic acids) [1,3].