CTLA4 and Hepatic fibrosis: To investigate whether CTLA-4 impacts the development of hepatic fibrosis during Schistosomiasis, we treated S. mansoni-infected mice with CTLA-4-Ig or appropriate control antibodies (ctrl.-Ig) for 4 weeks starting at 4 weeks p.i. (preventive approach) or 8 weeks p.i. (therapeutic approach) (Figure 1(a)).