BDNF and Cognitive impairment: Upon all these points, we hypothesized that anesthesia and surgery-induced neuroinflammation overactivated NMDARs, and the abnormal activation of NMDARs triggered the overactivation of calpain, which subsequently led to the truncation of TrkB-FL, BDNF/TrkB signaling dysregulation, dendritic spine loss, and cell apoptosis, contributing to cognitive impairments in aging mice.