Despite the large amount of experimental in vitro and in vivo data concerning the wide spectrum of effects mediated by TGF-β in the tumor microenvironment, and in the regulation of the anticancer response mediated by various populations of effector lymphocytes, the development of therapeutic strategies able to inhibit TGF-β-mediated pathways did not proceed at the same speed as observed for other immuno-therapeutic approaches. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.