CCL2 and cancer: Recently, it has been demonstrated that NOA plays an important role in the progression of cancer-associated inflammation [31]; key genes, such as those belonging to the NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa B) family and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) /VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) axis; immunomodulatory factors, such as chemokines/cytokines (CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2), IL6 (interleukin 6), IL10 (interleukin 10); and prostaglandins constitute adaptive essential genes for tumor cells in creating an inflammatory and immunosuppressive milieu.