Adverse reproductive outcomes as a result of these exposures includes spontaneous abortions, fetal birth defects, stillbirths, preterm birth, problems with early emotional development, and neonatal death.42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 In studies done on pregnant Sprague Dawley rats, Banu et al48 found that exposure to Cr(VI) through drinking water led to increased apoptosis in trophoblast cells, as well in the epithelium of the mesometrial triangle vessels and of the yolk sac epithelium via the induction of caspase‐3‐ and p53‐dependent pathways. The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is Stillbirth.