In addition, previous studies with a mouse model of capsular contracture demonstrated effective capsule formation after 1 time dose of 10 Gy radiation.36 Considering that an average total dose a patient receives for breast cancer adjuvant radiation therapy is 45–50 Gy over a 4-week period,37 it is possible that the effect of ionizing radiation on TGF-β activation is greater or altogether different in patients. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast carcinoma.