Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is currently the most common cause of cancer death worldwide.1,2 Immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) such as monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1 inhibitor) or its ligand (PD-L1 inhibitor) have revolutionized the clinical management of patients with aNSCLC.3-6 In patients with previously treated aNSCLC, ICIs exhibited a substantial improvement of prognosis compared to standard chemotherapy, as demonstrated by an improvement of five-year overall survival (OS) rate from 4.9% to 16%.7 Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.