Previously, we have shown that in RM-1 mouse models, the Anchored GM-CSF vaccine could effectively increase the frequency of tumor antigen-specific IFNγ-secreting CD8+ T cells, while PD-1 blockade could overcome the immune resistance associated with the Anchored GM-CSF vaccine treatment (modeling and treatment at the same time) 8. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.