RPS19 and cyst: To determine whether a similar cyst wall defect is observed in mutants that lack expression of PVM GRAs, we measured Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) fluorescence intensity at the cyst peripheries of Δgra3, Δgra5, Δgra7, Δgra8, and Δgra14 cysts (57, 58, 61, 62) (Fig. 1A).