RAS signaling also increases tumor cell expression of PD-L1 (Coelho et al., 2017), thereby suppressing activated T cells, and increases secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to promote pancreatic neoplasia (Bayne et al., 2012, Pylayeva-Gupta et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.