A phase II clinical trial with the EGFR pharmacological inhibitor 21 and a phase I/II clinical trial using EGFR-directed antibodies gave disappointing results 35 on RCC, but the BVZ/ERLO combination appeared promising for hereditary renal cell cancer and sporadic papillary renal cell carcinoma (clinical trial NCT01130519 36). This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and papillary renal cell carcinoma.