On the other hand, we found a substantial upregulation of sarcomeric PDE activity in DCM TnT-R173W iPSC-CMs, in line with a recent report proposing upregulation of PDE isoform expression as a basis for deficient beta-adrenergic activation in DCM iPSC-CMs10. This evidence concerns the gene ALDH7A1 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.