APP and Alzheimer disease: In Alzheimer’s disease mouse models such as APP/PS1 mice [40] and hAPPJ20 mice [5], spike firing rates and membrane potentials of PV interneuron are increased while in early phase of Alzheimer’s disease, pathological effects of AβO1–42 are mainly limited to synaptic dysfunctions with the intrinsic neuronal properties are spared [41], which is consistent with our results (Figs. 2 and 3 and Additional file 4: Figure S4).