PDCD1 and neoplasm: For example, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab, which targets programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), can significantly increase survival in advanced-stage NSCLC by blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and allowing cytotoxic T lymphocytes to act on tumour cells [6].