*Reduces small intestine tumor formation*Reduces inflammatory responses when consumed with fiber*Reduces tumor incidence, multiplicity, burden, and average tumor volume*Reduces colonic inflammatory cytokine expression such as IFN-γ and TNF-α*Inhibits the activation of the PI3K, AKT, and COX-2 signaling pathway*Inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth*Inhibits VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression*Inhibits the incidence of AOM-induced ACF*Induces cellular apoptosis*Increases the number of colonic goblet cells and MUC 2 production*Increases caecal short fatty acids concentration. Here, PTGS2 is linked to cancer.