TNF and infection: The LCG group are the most extensively studied Lactobacillus species with documented health benefits [3,4] such as enhanced resistance against infection by increasing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-12) from various immune cells analyzed on models of in vitro and in vivo investigations [5,6,7,8].