Since CaD pharmacokinetics is already know [63], and it is currently used to treat vascular complications of diabetic retinopathy [64], our findings demonstrated the therapeutic potential of CaD in the early stages of DN given that at present, anti-VEGF antibody or tyrosine kinase inhibitors therapy for diabetic nephropathy is not warranted [65]. Here, VEGFA is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.