CALCOCO2 and infection: We designated ([LC3-positive pneumococci-containing vacuoles containing cells] − [NDP52-positive pneumococci-containing vacuoles containing cells]) as a putative population of PcAV-containing cells (Supplementary Fig. 6A), showing that PcAV was gradually induced after 90 min of infection and proceeded until 180 min after infection (Supplementary Fig. 6B).