IGHE and atopic eczema: Topical exposure to agents that induce skin inflammation, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, a protein kinase C activator) (Figure 1b), MC903 (a vitamin D3 analogue commonly used to induce atopic dermatitis-like inflammation) (Figure 1c) and R848 (resiquimod, a toll-like receptor seven agonist commonly used to induce psoriasis-like inflammation) (Figure 1d), significantly enhanced the circulating levels of IgE compared to those in untreated or vehicle-treated animals.