STAT3 and injury: While hepatocyte-specific STAT3 knockout alleviates liver inflammation in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride [32] or ethanol ingestion [33], it enhances liver inflammation in Con A-induced T cell hepatitis [34] or in LPS-induced liver injury [35], suggesting that hepatic STAT3 activation may serve as either a proinflammatory or an anti-inflammatory signal according to the models.