BDNF and cystitis: In summary, our study has validated the conjecture proposed previously; in our CYP-induced cystitis rat model, the neurons received noxious signals and released BDNF, which promoted activation of astrocytes and microglia to release proinflammatory factors through BDNF-TrkB-p38/JNK signaling pathway, thus, contributing to neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia (Fig. 7).