INS and Insulin resistance: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a worldwide public health problem and is commonly characterized by insulin resistance.6, 7 It has been shown that CKD and diabetes share similar pathological mechanisms.8 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is conventionally considered as a parameter to evaluate renal function and had been reported to be associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in various pathophysiological conditions.9, 10 Prior experimental studies suggested that increased levels of urea might induce insulin resistance and suppress insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo.