As these aggressive SHH medulloblastoma subtypes are highly resistant to conventional therapies, future studies to fully characterise these AHRRhigh tumours, establish to what extent they resemble Ahr-deficient SHH tumours in the mouse, and explore the potential of TGFβ-SMAD3 pathway inhibition will be important. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.